Born Before the Country Existed: 1922, 1920, 1947, 1861 and 1871 as Cut-offs
A citizenship by descent cut-off date can predate the state itself — 1861 Italy, 1871 Germany, 1920 Poland, 1922 Ireland, 1947 Canada. What each one decides.
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Canada
Adopted, or Born Outside Marriage: Where the Line Still Holds and Where It Needs a Declaration
Born outside marriage or adopted: where a citizenship by descent claim still holds, where it needs a declaration, and where an adoption ends the line instead.
The Grandmother's Line: 1948 in Italy, 1975 in Germany, 1983 in Britain, and the Routes That Repair Two of Them
Citizenship by descent through a mother breaks at 1948 in Italy, 1975 in Germany, 1983 in Britain. Two of the three have a repair route; one needs a court.
Your Parent Naturalised Before You Were Born: the Break in Germany, Italy, Canada and Poland, and Why Ireland Does Not Have It
If a parent naturalised before you were born, a German, Italian, Canadian or Polish citizenship by descent claim usually ends there. Ireland is the exception.
Where the Line Breaks: Seven Breaks, and the One Date Each Turns On
Can you lose your citizenship before you are born? The seven breaks that end a descent claim in Ireland, Canada, Germany, Italy, Poland and the UK, dated.
Which Descent Countries Allow Dual Citizenship With the United States, Dated
What countries allow dual citizenship with the US? All six a descent claim runs through, each rule dated, and the German one that changed on 27 June 2024.
Two Lines, Three Passports: Whether Each Country Lets You Hold a Third
There is no worldwide limit on how many citizenships you can have, only each country's rule about its own. Ireland, Canada, Germany, Italy, Poland and the US.
Registration, Proof, Certificate, Confirmation: What Each Country Calls the Grant, and Who Issues It
Registration, proof, certificate, recognition, confirmation: what a certificate of citizenship by descent is called in each country, and who issues it.
Which Claims Need a Lawyer, and Which the Register Takes on a Form
Most claims are a form the register takes from you. Four situations need a citizenship by descent lawyer: a court, a discretion, a restoration, a disputed loss.
You May Already Be a Citizen: the Countries Where the Line Passes at Birth Without a Form
How do you know if you have dual citizenship already? In Canada, Germany, Italy and Poland a qualifying line makes you one at birth. Ireland is different.
Does the Line Hold? The Grandparent Rule in Six Countries, as One Table
Whether a grandparent born in Ireland, Canada, Germany, Italy, Poland or the UK passes citizenship by descent to you, and where the answer is stop here.